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The BTS Specification for Tunnelling has become the standard industry document for tunnelling contracts, and forms the basis of tunnelling specifications for projects throughout the world. The specification has been revised in this third edition to reflect current industry best practice and to take account of the many advances in the field of tunnelling which have occurred over the last decade. Coverage of sprayed concrete has been expanded in recognition of its increased usage around the world and there are new sections on sprayed applied waterproof membranes and jacked box tunnelling. All references to codes, standards and other design documents have been comprehensively updated.
The BTS Specification for Tunnelling has become the standard industry document for tunnelling contracts, and forms the basis of tunnelling specifications for projects throughout the world.
The specification has been revised in this third edition to reflect current industry best practice and to take account of the many advances in the field of tunnelling which have occurred over the last decade. Coverage of sprayed concrete has been expanded in recognition of its increased usage around the world and there are new sections on sprayed applied waterproof membranes and jacked box tunnelling. All references to codes, standards and other design documents have been comprehensively updated.
Drafted by an expert editorial committee with more than 250 years experience in the tunnelling industry between them, Specification for Tunnelling, 3rd edition will continue to be the de facto standard reference work for tunnelling in the UK and rest of the world.
General requirements
General notes
Definitions
References to Standards
Standards and alternative standards
Alternative materials and equipment
Eurocodes and European and British Standards
Eurocodes
European Standards
British Standards
Other standards and documents
Standards referred to in the text
Documents referred to in the text
General provisions
Occupational health, safety and welfare
Quality Management and records
Quality Management System
Engineer’s agreement
Site records
As-built records
Materials
Standards
Concrete
General
Constituent materials – cement
Constituent materials – aggregates
Constituent materials – water
Constituent materials – admixtures
Constituent materials – fibres
Constituent materials – additions
Concrete mixes
Ready-mixed concrete
Concrete batching
Quality control
Reinforcement
Bar reinforcement
Welded wire fabric
Fibre reinforcement
Precast concrete linings
General
Manufacture of segments
Moulds
Tolerances for the manufacture of bolted segments
Tolerances for the manufacture ofexpanded segments
Opening sets
Marking of segments
Joint packing
Gasket grooves
Concrete cover
Grout holes
Curing
Handling stacking and transport
Segments reinforced with steel fibres
Spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) linings
General
Testing
Production testing
Marking segments
Machining and drilling
Dimensions and tolerances
Segment weights
Grout holes
Grout plugs
Casting details
Corrosion protection
Damaged segments
Ring removal
Structural steelwork and steel linings
General
Fatigue and dynamic loading
Connection design
Materials
Fabrication
Protective treatment
Steelwork erection
Bolt assemblies
Fabricated steel segments
Cold-formed pressed steel segments
Jacking pipes
General
Support arches and lattice girders
General
Arches/ribs
Lattice girders
Spiles, dowels and rockbolts
Spiles
Rock dowels
Rockbolts
Rock anchors
Sprayed concrete constituent materials
Cement
Pulverised fuel ash (PFA) and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS)
Silica fume
Aggregates
Water
Admixtures
Consistency
Strength and quality
Fibres
Sheet waterproof membranes
Sheet waterproof membrane
Sheet waterproofing membrane systems
Materials – geotextile fleece
Materials – fixing elements for sheet waterproofing membrane
Materials – sheet waterproof membrane
Additional Items – sheet waterproofing systems
Sprayed-applied waterproofing membrane
General
Materials
Materials – health and safety during application
Selection of spray-applied membrane systems – from track record or appropriate trials
Quality assurance and requirements during trials
Quality Assurance construction testing
Gaskets
Compression gaskets – general
Compression gaskets – testing
Hydrophilic gaskets
Elastomeric gaskets
Composite gaskets
Gaskets for pipejack joints
Cement grout for cavity grouting
General
Special grouts
Mixing
Storage and delivery
Packings
Packings for segmental linings
Packings for opening frames
Packings for jacking pipes
Grommets and bolts
Grommets
Bolts
Pointing and caulking material
Caulking
Pointing
Timber
General
Methods
Excavation for tunnels
General
Rock
Soft ground
Drilling
General
Blast hole drilling
Probe hole drilling
Temporary Works and ground support
General
Spiling, dowelling and rockbolting
Spiling
Rock dowelling
Rockbolting
Load testing
Records
Sprayed concrete
General
Proficiency
Batching and mixing
Application
Curing
Defects and repairs
Reinforcement
Tests for trial mixes
Test panels and acceptance tests
Production tests
Ground support with arches
Steel arches/ribs and lattice girders
Forepoling
General
Explosives
General
Blasting vibrations
Groundwater
General
Probing ahead
General
Break-outs from shafts and tunnels
General
Installation of sheeted waterproof membranes
Surface preparation
Geotextile fleece layer
Waterproof membrane
Construction joints: geotextile fleece
Construction joints: sheet waterproof membrane
Quality Assurance and control – field trials
Quality Assurance and control–construction testing
Defective membrane
Inner lining concrete works
Installation of sprayed-applied waterproof membrane
Substrate preparation
Application
Equipment
Construction joints
Defective membrane
Secondary lining construction
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and shields
General
Machine characteristics
Guidance
Fire protection
Contractor’s submission
Inspection and testing
Personnel and training
Slurry and earth pressure balance machines
General
Machine characteristics
Grouting
Spoil removal
Instrumentation
Open-faced tunnel boring machines
General
Unshielded tunnelling machines
Shielded tunnelling machines
Hand shields and mechanised open shields
General
Boom cutting machines
Backhoe machines
Tunnelling machines and shield operation
General
Excavation
Pipe jacking
General
Thrust and reception pits
Operation
Packing and sealing
Monitoring and instrumentation
Tolerances
Microtunnelling
Jacked box tunnelling
General
Design principles
Site investigation
Tunnelling shield
Jacking system
Anti-drag systems
Prediction of ground movements
Design
Construction
Tunnelling operations
Construction of segmental tunnel lining
General
Segmental lining: general
Erection of bolted lining
Tapered segmental lining
Grouting of bolted lining
Erection of expanded lining
Packing
Defective work
Segment gaskets
General
Grouting
Cavity grouting of segmental lining
Primary grouting
Secondary grouting
Cavity grouting of in situ lining
Pointing and caulking
Pointing
Caulking
Lead caulking
Cementitious cord caulking
In situ concrete linings other than sprayed concrete
General
Temperature monitoring of the concrete
Transport of concrete
Concrete placing equipment
Placing concrete
Compaction
Curing and protection
Construction joints
Defective work
Formwork
Concrete finishes
Fixing bar and mesh reinforcement
Inspection of completed structure
Shafts
General
Safety
Temporary shafts
Construction
Timber headings
General
Tolerances for tunnels, shafts and underground works
All tunnels and shafts
Segmental lined tunnels and shafts
Sprayed concrete lined tunnels and shafts
Monitoring recording and the control process of underground works
General
Ground movement monitoring
Monitoring of tunnel excavation
Tunnel and shaft linings
Daily review meeting (DRM)
Key performance indicators
RESS – Required Excavation and Support Sheet
Contingency measures and emergency procedures
Survey and setting out
Datum for the Works
Survey bench marks
Ground stabilisation processes
Compressed air working
General
Submission of information
Initial pressurisation
Minimisation of leakage
Changes in working conditions
Submission of daily records
Exposure records
Decompression of working chamber
Settlement
Emergency procedures
Storage of materials
Burning and welding
Grouting for ground stabilisation and groundwater control
General
Contractor’s proposals
Drilling
Plant
Disposal of waste
Records
Ground freezing
General
Process
Methods
Precautions
Method statement
Monitoring and records
Dewatering
General
Contractor’s proposals
Drilling and jetting
Plant
Operations
Monitoring and records
Compensation grouting
General
Execution
Monitoring
Assessment
Working environment
Temporary electrical installations
General
Ventilation during construction
General
Ventilation systems
Monitoring
Start-up ventilation
Checking and inspection
Ventilation failure
Ventilation after breakthrough
Lighting
General
Noise and vibration
General
Temporary fencings and barriers
Plant and equipment
Transport restrictions
Noise and vibration monitoring
Noise and vibration levels
Access and egress
General
Designated access routes
Maintenance of routes
Access for others
Traffic safety and management
Signing and signalling
Temporary lighting
Survey and reinstatement
Access within Works
Atmospheric testing
General
Temperature
Disposal of spoil and water
poil waste programme
Disposal of solid waste spoil
Monitoring spoil removal
Liquid waste disposal
Leakage and infiltration
General
Leakage criteria and classes of tunnel
Leakage tests
Watertightness of tunnels and shafts
Index
