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Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation presents a comprehensive overview of railway passenger and freight transport systems, from design through to construction and operation. It covers the range of railway passenger systems, from conventional and high speed inter-urban systems through to suburban, regional and urban ones. Moreover, it thoroughly covers freight railway systems transporting conventional loads, heavy loads and dangerous goods.
Covers a series of background themes, such as safety, common to all systems
Heavily grounded in both teaching and practice
For students going into the industry and practitioners already there
Reviews three main components of all railway systems: track, rolling stock, and operation
Describes a methodology for testing the feasibility of the implementation of railway systems
Summary
Incorporates More Than 25 Years of Research and Experience
Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation presents a comprehensive overview of railway passenger and freight transport systems, from design through to construction and operation. It covers the range of railway passenger systems, from conventional and high speed inter-urban systems through to suburban, regional and urban ones. Moreover, it thoroughly covers freight railway systems transporting conventional loads, heavy loads and dangerous goods. For each system it provides a definition, a brief overview of its evolution and examples of good practice, the main design, construction and operational characteristics, the preconditions for its selection, and the steps required to check the feasibility of its implementation.
Developed for Engineers, Designers, and Operators of Railway Systems
The book also provides a general overview of issues related to safety, interface with the environment, cutting-edge technologies, and finally the techniques that govern the stability and guidance of railway vehicles on track.
Contains information on the three main constituents of all railway systems: railway infrastructure, rolling stock, railway operations
Provides a methodology for testing the applicability of the implementation of railway systems
Offers an overview of issues related to the safety of railway systems in general
Describes their interfaces with the environment, the cutting-edge technologies that are already in place as well as those that are under research, and the techniques that govern the stability and guidance of railway vehicles on track
Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation suits students, and also those in the industry ? engineers, consultants, manufacturers, transport company executives ? who need some breadth of knowledge to guide them over the course of their careers
Table Contents
The railway as a transport system
1.1 Definition
1.2 Constituents
1.2.1 Railway infrastructure
1.2.2 Rolling stock
1.2.3 Railway operation
1.3 The railway system technique
1.3.1 Description of the system
1.3.2 Fundamental functional principles
1.3.2.1 Running on a straight path
1.3.2.2 Running in curves
1.3.3 Distinctive features of railway systems compared to road means of transport
1.4 Classification of railway systems
1.4.1 Speed in railway engineering: Design and operational considerations
1.4.2 Classification of railway systems based on functionality
1.4.3 Classification of railway systems based on track gauge
1.4.4 Classification of railway systems based on traffic
1.5 The capabilities of the railway system
1.5.1 Advantages and disadvantages of the railway
1.5.2 Comparison of the characteristics of railway systems
1.5.3 Comparison of the capabilities of different transportation systems
1.5.3.1 Comparison of air and high-speed train transport
1.5.3.2 Comparison of urban systems
1.6 Historical overview of the railway and future perspectives
References
Loads on track
2.2 Vertical loads on track
2.2.1 Static vertical loads
2.2.1.1 Axle load
2.2.1.2 Wheel weight
2.2.1.3 Daily traffic load
2.2.2 Quasi-static vertical loads
2.2.2.1 Vertical wheel load due to crosswinds
2.2.2.2 Vertical wheel load due to residual centrifugal force
2.2.3 Dynamic vertical loads
2.2.3.1 Dynamic vertical wheel load
2.2.3.2 Total vertical wheel load
2.2.3.3 Design vertical wheel load
2.2.3.4 Design loads of bridges
2.3 Transversal loads on track
2.3.1 Gravitational forces
2.3.2 Creep forces
2.3.2.1 Running on straight path
2.3.2.2 Running in curves
2.3.3 Crosswind forces
2.3.4 Residual centrifugal force
2.3.5 Guidance forces
2.3.6 Forces due to vehicle oscillations
2.3.7 Total transversal force
2.4 Longitudinal forces
2.4.1 Temperature forces
2.4.2 Rail creep forces
2.4.3 Braking forces: Acceleration forces
2.4.4 Traction forces: Adhesion forces
2.4.5 Fishplate forces
References
3 Behaviour of rolling stock on track
3.1 Behaviour of a single railway wheelset
3.1.1 Movement on straight path
3.1.2 Movement in curves
3.2 Behaviour of a whole vehicle
3.2.1 Operational and technical characteristics of bogies
3.2.1.1 Object and purposes of bogies
3.2.1.2 Conventional bogies
3.2.1.3 Bogies with self-steering wheelsets
3.2.1.4 Bogies with independently rotating wheels
3.2.1.5 Bogies with creep-controlled wheelsets
3.2.1.6 Bogies with wheels with mixed behaviour
3.2.2 Wheel rolling conditions and bogies inscription behaviour in curves
3.2.3 Lateral behaviour of a whole vehicle
3.2.3.1 Vehicles with conventional bogies
3.2.3.2 Vehicles with bogies with self-steering wheelsets
3.2.3.3 Vehicles with independently rotating wheels
3.2.3.4 Comparative assessment
3.2.4 Selection of bogie design characteristics based on operational aspects of networks
3.2.4.1 High-speed networks
3.2.4.2 Conventional speed networks
3.2.4.3 Mountainous networks
3.2.4.4 Metro networks
3.2.4.5 Tramway networks
3.3 Derailment of railway vehicles
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Derailment through displacement of track
3.3.3 Derailment as a result of vehicle overturning
3.3.4 Derailment with wheel climb
3.3.4.1 Description of the phenomenon
3.3.4.2 Derailment criteria
3.3.4.3 Factors affecting derailment
References
4 Tramway
4.1 Definition and description of the system
4.2 Classification of tramway systems
4.2.1 Physical characteristics of the corridor
4.2.2 Functional/operational criteria
4.2.3 Floor height of the vehicles
4.2.3.1 Low floor
4.2.3.2 Very low floor
4.2.3.3 Moderately high floor
4.2.3.4 High floor
4.2.4 Power supply system
4.2.5 Other classifications
4.3 Constructional and operational characteristics of the system
4.3.1 Data related to track alignment and track superstructure
4.3.2 Rolling stock data
4.3.3 Tramway signalling system and traffic control
4.3.4 Transport capacity of the system
4.3.5 Travel time and commercial speeds
4.3.6 Cost of implementing a tramway
4.4 Integration of tramway corridors across the road arteries
4.4.1 Types of integration of tramway corridors
4.4.1.1 A single track per direction at two opposite sides of the road
4.4.1.2 Double track on one side of the road
4.4.1.3 Central alignment
4.4.2 Geometric features of the integration of tramway corridors
4.4.2.1 Technical and total tramway infrastructure right-of-way
4.4.2.2 Geometric integration of tramway corridors at curved sections of roads in the horizontal alignment
4.5 Integration of stops
4.5.1 Types of stops integration
4.5.2 Geometric and operational features of tramway stop integration
4.5.2.1 Geometric criteria
4.5.2.2 Operational criteria
4.6 Tramway depot facilities
4.6.1 General description and operational activities
4.6.1.1 Parking area/yard
4.6.1.2 Maintenance hall/workshop
4.6.1.3 Vehicle cleaning/washing area
4.6.2 Classification of tramway depots
4.6.3 Main design principles and selection of a ground plan area
4.7 Requirements for implementing the system
4.8 Applicability verification of alternative alignments
4.8.1 Verification of track alignment and geometric integration
4.8.2 Verification of impact on other transport modes
4.8.2.1 Roadside land uses
4.8.2.2 Pedestrians
4.8.2.3 Operation of other public transport modes
4.8.2.4 Road traffic
4.8.3 Verification of environmental impacts
4.8.3.1 Noise pollution
4.8.3.2 Visual annoyance
4.8.3.3 Impact on the urban space
4.8.3.4 Impact on safety
4.8.3.5 Impact during construction
4.8.4 Applicability verification of operational efficiency
4.8.4.1 Verification of commercial speed
4.8.4.2 Verification of passenger transport volume
4.8.4.3 Verification of operating cost (Kop)
4.8.5 Applicability verification of a tramway depot
4.8.6 Verification of implementation cost
4.9 Historical overview and present situation
4.9.1 Historical overview
4.9.1.1 The first horse-drawn tram
4.9.1.2 The transition period from the horse-drawn tram to electrification
4.9.1.3 The development of electric trams
4.9.1.4 The period of dismantling of tram networks
4.9.1.5 Restoration and reintegration of tramway systems
4.9.2 Present situation
References
5 Metro
5.1 Definition and description of the system
5.2 Classification of metro systems
5.2.1 Transport capacity
5.2.2 Grade of automation of their operation
5.2.3 Guidance system
5.2.4 Other classification categories
5.3 Constructional and operational characteristics of a metro system
5.3.1 Track layout
5.3.2 Track superstructure
5.3.3 Tunnels
5.3.4 Rolling stock
5.3.5 Operation
5.3.5.1 Commercial speeds, service frequency and service reliability
5.3.5.2 Fare collection and ticket supply
5.3.5.3 Revenues for the system operator
5.3.6 Implementation cost
5.4 Metro stations
5.4.1 Location selection for metro stations
5.4.2 Construction depth of metro stations
5.4.3 Construction methods
5.4.3.1 Construction of the station’s shell
5.4.3.2 Surface construction
5.4.3.3 Number of station levels
5.4.3.4 Station architecture
5.4.4 Platforms
5.4.4.1 Layout of platforms
5.4.4.2 Platform dimensions
5.5 Depot facilities
5.6 Requirements for implementing the system
5.7 Historical overview and present situation
5.7.1 Historical overview
5.7.2 Present situation
References
6 Monorail
6.1 Definition and description of the system
6.2 Classification of the monorails and techniques of the system
6.2.1 Train placement on the guidebeam
6.2.2 Transport capacity
6.2.3 System techniques
6.3 Constructional and operational characteristics of the system
6.3.1 Permanent way
6.3.2 Rolling stock
6.3.3 Operation
6.4 Advantages and disadvantages of monorail systems
6.4.1 Advantages
6.4.2 Disadvantages
6.5 Requirements for implementing the system
6.6 Historical overview and present situation
6.6.1 Historical overview
6.6.2 Present situation
References
7 Automatic passenger transport railway systems of low- and medium-transport capacity
7.1 Definition
7.2 Cable-propelled railway systems
7.2.1 General description and classification
7.2.2 Constructional and operational features of the system
7.2.2.1 System ‘principles’ and superstructure configurations
7.2.2.2 Guideway
7.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages
7.2.4 Requirements for implementing the system
7.3 Self-propelled electric systems
7.3.1 General description and classification
7.3.2 Battery-powered systems
7.3.3 Outside power feeding systems
References
8 Suburban railway
8.1 Definition and classification of suburban railway systems
8.2 Constructional and operational characteristics of the system
8.3 Advantages and disadvantages of the suburban railway
8.3.1 Advantages
8.3.2 Disadvantages
8.4 Requirements for implementing the system
8.5 Applicability verification of the system
8.5.1 Operation of suburban trains on existing infrastructure
8.5.1.1 Constructional features of the railway infrastructure
8.5.1.2 Passenger transport volume
8.5.1.3 System operability
8.5.1.4 The station service level
8.5.1.5 Availability of the depot facilities
8.5.1.6 Environmental impacts
8.5.1.7 Implementation cost
8.5.2 Operation of suburban trains on new infrastructure
8.5.2.1 Constructional features of the railway infrastructure
8.5.2.2 Passenger transport volume
8.5.2.3 Location, construction and operation of the depot facilities
8.5.2.4 Environmental impacts
8.5.2.5 Implementation cost
References
9 Rack railway
9.1 Definition and description of the system
9.2 Classification of rack railway systems
9.2.1 Type of cog rail
9.2.2 Type of adhesion along the line
9.3 Evolution of the system and application examples
9.4 Constructional and operational features of rack railway systems
9.4.1 Track alignment
9.4.2 Track superstructure
9.4.3 Rolling stock
9.4.4 Operation
9.5 Advantages and disadvantages of rack railway systems
9.6Requirements for implementing the system
References
10 Cable railway systems for steep gradients
10.1 Definition and description of the system
10.2 The funicular
10.2.1 Evolution of funiculars and application examples
10.2.2 Constructional and operational features of funiculars
10.2.2.1 Infrastructure
10.2.2.2 Rolling stock
10.2.2.3 Operation
10.3 The inclined elevator
10.4 Advantages and disadvantages of cable railway systems for steep gradients
10.5 Requirements for implementing the system
References
11 Organisation and management of passenger interurban railway transport
11.1 Services and basic design principles
11.2 Service level of interurban passenger railway transport: Quality parameters
11.3 Scheduling of passenger train services
11.4 Selection and purchase of rolling stock
11.4.1 Step 1: Assessment of the existing situation
11.4.2 Step 2: Determination of the target year
11.4.3 Step 3: Assessment of the situation in the target year
11.4.4 Step 4: Determination of the transport volume target
11.4.5 Step 5: Determination of the service frequency target
11.4.6 Step 6: New train timetable scheme
11.4.7 Step 7: Checks on corridor track capacity and transport volume
11.4.8 Step 8: In theory: Required rolling stock for the performance of scheduled services
11.4.9 Step 9: Practically required rolling stock
11.4.10 Step 10: Required rolling stock
References
12 High-speed trains
12.1 Distinction between high speeds and conventional speeds
12.2 High-speed train issues
12.3 Specifications and technical solutions for the achievement of high speeds
12.3.1 Track geometry alignment characteristics
12.3.1.1 Selection of horizontal alignment radii
12.3.1.2 Distance between track centres
12.3.1.3 Longitudinal slopes
12.3.2 Track superstructure components
12.3.3 Civil engineering structures
12.3.3.1 Tunnel traffic
12.3.3.2 Passage under bridges
12.3.3.3 Track fencing
12.3.3.4 Noise barriers
12.3.3.5 Handling aerodynamic effects in an ‘open’ track and on platforms
12.3.4 Track systems
12.3.5 Rolling stock
12.3.5.1 Aerodynamic design of vehicles
12.3.5.2 Design of bogies
12.3.5.3 Braking system
12.3.5.4 Vehicle design: Construction
12.3.5.5 Implementation cost
12.4 Historical review and current situation of high-speed networks and trains
12.5 Interoperability issues
References
13 Tilting trains
13.1 Definition and function principle of tilting technology
13.2 Tilting techniques and systems
13.2.1 Passive tilting
13.2.2 Active tilting
13.3 Main constructional and operational characteristics of tilting trains
13.3.1 Performances in terms of speed
13.3.2 Tilting angle
13.3.3 Track gauge
13.3.4 Axle load
13.3.5 Track superstructure
13.3.6 Bogies technology
13.3.7 Train formation
13.3.8 Signalling
13.3.9 Traction
13.3.10 Cost of rolling stock supply
13.4 Requirements for implementing the system
13.4.1 Existing conventional-speed infrastructure
13.4.2 New conventional-speed infrastructure
13.4.3 New high-speed infrastructure
13.5 Historic overview and present situation
References
14 Metric track gauge interurban railway networks
14.1 Definition and description of the system
14.2 General overview of metric gauge interurban railway networks
14.3 Main constructional characteristics of interurban metric track gauge lines
14.3.1 Track alignment: Differences between tracks of metric and normal gauge
14.3.2 track superstructure
14.4 Advantages and disadvantages of interurban metric gauge lines
14.5 Requirements for implementing the system
References
15 Organisation and management of freight railway transport
15.1 Services and cargo movement
15.2 Service level of freight railway transport: Quality parameters
15.3 Scheduling of freight train services
15.4 Combined transport
15.5 Mass transport
15.6 Transportation of dangerous goods
15.6.1 Differentiation from the rest of freight transport services
15.6.2 Creation of safe transport conditions
15.6.3 Special measures to protect the environment
References
16 Heavy haul rail transport
16.1 Definition and general description of the system
16.2 The international market in heavy haul rail transport
16.3 Differences between conventional and heavy haul freight railway networks
16.4 Impacts of heavy haul rail operations and main design principles
16.4.1 Selection of track infrastructure components
16.4.1.1 Selection of the track’s alignment geometric characteristics
16.4.1.2 Selection of rails
16.4.1.3 Selection of the type of sleepers and the distances between them
16.4.1.4 Selection and dimensioning of track bed layer features
16.4.1.5 Construction principles of the formation layer
16.4.1.6 Dimensioning of bridges
16.4.1.7 Dimensioning of the signalling system
16.4.2 Effects on the rolling stock
16.4.3 Effects on the operation
16.5 Economic efficiency of heavy haul rail transport
References
17 Impact of traffic composition on the economic profitability of a railway system
17.1 Traffic composition and classification of railway networks/corridors
17.2 Economic profitability and classification of railway networks/corridors
17.3 The problem of mixed traffic operation
17.4 Investigation of the impact of traffic composition on the economic profitability of a railway system
17.4.1 Data published by the railway networks
17.4.2 Mathematical simulation
17.4.2.1 Selection of the operational framework for a new railway corridor
17.4.2.2 Selection of the operating framework for an existing railway corridor
References
18 Railway safety
18.1 Types of railway incidents and definition of railway safety
18.1.1 Types of railway incidents
18.1.2 Definition of railway safety
18.1.2.1 Risk level
18.1.2.2 Incident ‘indicators’
18.2 Significance of safety in railway systems and differences in road safety
18.2.1 Significance of safety in railway systems
18.2.2 Distinctions between railway and road safety
18.3 Classification of railway incidents
18.4 Causes of railway incidents
18.5 Safety in civil engineering structures
18.5.1 Railway civil engineering structures and related incidents
18.5.2 Safety at railway bridges
18.5.3 Safety in railway tunnels
18.5.4 Safety at road overpasses
18.5.5 Safety on embankments
18.5.6 Safety in cuttings
18.6 Safety at railway stations
18.7 Safety on the ‘open’ track
18.7.1 Potential risks
18.7.2 Safety measures
18.8 Safety at RLCs
18.9 Correlation between the cost of interventions and the safety level improvement
18.9.1 General approach
18.9.2 The change in the value of accident indicators
18.9.3 The change in the risk level
18.9.3.1 Characterisation of the frequency of a particular incident
18.9.3.2 Characterisation of the severity of a particular incident
References
19 Railway and the natural environment
19.1 Natural environment of the railway
19.2 Energy consumption
19.2.1 Definition: Units expressing energy consumption
19.2.2 Energy-consuming railway activities
19.2.3 Special features of each railway system category
19.2.4 Measures for energy consumption reduction
19.3 Air pollution
19.3.1 Definition: Expression units of air pollution
19.3.2 Railway activities causing air pollution
19.3.3 Special features of each railway system category
19.3.4 Measures for air pollution reduction
19.4 Soil and water pollution
19.4.1 Definition: Measurement methods of soil and water pollution
19.4.2 Railway activities causing soil pollution
19.4.3 Special features of each railway system category
19.4.4 Countermeasures against the pollution of soil due to the presence of the railway
19.5 Visual annoyance
19.5.1 Definition: Measurement methods of visual annoyance
19.5.2 Railway activities causing visual annoyance
19.5.3 Special features of each railway system category
19.5.4 Countermeasures against visual annoyance caused by the presence of the railway
19.6 Integration of the track into the landscape
19.6.1 Definition: Measurement indices of integration
19.6.2 Railway activities causing a change of landscape
19.6.3 Special features of each railway system category
19.6.4 Measures for smooth integration of the railway into the landscape
19.7 Ecosystem disturbance
19.7.1 Definition: Indices of expression of ecosystem disturbance
19.7.2 Railway activities causing ecosystem disturbance
19.7.3 Special features of each railway system category
19.7.4 Reduction measures of ecosystem disturbance
19.8 Disturbance of local resident activities: Access restriction and disruption of urban space
19.8.1 Definition: Measurement indices of disturbance on local resident activities
19.8.2 Railway activities causing disturbance on local resident activities
19.8.3 Special features of each railway system category
19.8.4 Measures for the reduction of disturbance caused to local residential activities due to the presence of railway infrastructure
19.9 Acoustic annoyance
19.9.1 Definition: Units of expression of acoustic annoyance
19.9.2 Railway activities causing acoustic annoyance
19.9.3 Special features of each category of railway systems
19.9.4 Countermeasures against acoustic annoyance
19.9.4.1 The path of noise transmission
19.9.4.2 The source of noise
19.10 Ground-borne noise and vibrations
19.10.1 Definition: Measurement units of ground-borne noise and vibrations
19.10.2 Railway activities causing and affecting ground-borne noise and vibrations
19.10.3 Special features of each category of railway systems
19.10.4 Countermeasures against vibrations and ground-borne noise
19.11 Impacts on land use
19.12 Comparative assessment of the impacts of various means of transport to the natural environment
19.12.1 Methodology approach
19.12.2 Long distances: Comparison between the aeroplane and the high-speed train
19.12.3 Urban transport: Comparing the metro, tram, urban bus and private car
19.12.4 High-speed transport modes: Comparisons of the aeroplane, the high-speed train and the magnetic levitation train
19.12.5 Freight transport: Comparison of freight trains and road trucks
References
20 Cutting-edge technologies in railways
20.1 Definition and classification of cutting-edge technologies
20.2 Smart windows
20.3 Carbon and glass fibres
20.4 Laser railhead cleaner system
20.5 Catenary-free power supply of tramway systems
20.5.1 Ground power supply systems
20.5.1.1 The APS system
20.5.1.2 The TramWave system
20.5.1.3 The PRIMOVE system
20.5.2 Power supply systems with energy storage devices
20.5.2.1 Supercapacitor charging/ESS (supercapacitors or ultracapacitors)
20.5.2.2 Charging/ESS with batteries
References
Index
