Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has emerged in recent years as an attractive new high performance cement-based composite. Textiles can significantly improve the mechanical behavior of cement matrices under static and dynamic conditions, and give superior tensile strength, toughness, ductility, energy absorption and protection against environmental degrading influences.
A solid and thorough volume from world-players
Covers the basic science and leads into applications
Suitable for a researchers as well as advanced practitioners
Summary
Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has emerged in recent years as an attractive new high performance cement-based composite. Textiles can significantly improve the mechanical behavior of cement matrices under static and dynamic conditions, and give superior tensile strength, toughness, ductility, energy absorption and protection against environmental degrading influences.
Flexibility with fabric production methods enables the control of fabric and yarn geometry. This, along with the ability to incorporate into the fabric a range of yarns of different types and performances, as well as cement matrix modifications, enables design of the composite to a wide range of needs.
The book is intended to provide a comprehensive treatment of TRC, covering the basic fundamentals of the composite material itself and the principles governing its performance on a macro-scale as a component in a structure.
It provides in-depth treatment of the fabric, methods for production of the composite, the micro-mechanics with special attention to the role of bonding and microstructure, behavior under static and dynamic loading, sustainability, design, and the applications of TRC composites.
Table Contents
Authors
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure, properties, and application
1.2 Sustainability aspects of construction with TRC
1.3 Innovation with TRC
References
2 Textiles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fiber materials
2.2.1 Man-made fibers
2.2.1.1 Basic production principles
2.2.1.2 Fiber types
2.2.2 Natural fibers
2.2.2.1 Asbestos
2.2.2.2 Basalt fibers
2.2.2.3 Plant fibers
2.3 Yarn types
2.4 Main fabric structures
2.4.1 Woven fabric
2.4.2 Knitted fabric
2.4.2.1 Weft knitted
2.4.2.2 Warp knitted
2.4.3 Bonded fabric
2.4.4 Nonwoven fabric
2.4.5 Braided fabric
2.5 Principal architectural characteristics of fabric and its yarns
2.5.1 General concept
2.5.2 Reinforcing yarn orientation
2.5.2.1 Flat structures (2D)
2.5.2.2 Bulky fabrics (3D)
2.5.3 Reinforcing yarn shape
2.5.3.1 Woven fabrics
2.5.3.2 Warp-knitted fabrics
2.6 Mechanical properties and coating of textiles
2.6.1 Fibers
2.6.2 Bundles
2.6.3 Fabrics
2.7 Summary
References
3 Fabrication of TRC
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hand lay-up
3.3 Filament winding
3.4 Pultrusion
3.5 Prestressed technique
3.6 Sandwich panels
3.7 Complex-geometry-shaped elements
3.8 Summary
References
4 Micromechanics and microstructure
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bond and pullout
4.3 Microstructure and bonding of multifilament yarns
4.3.1 Nature of the reinforcement and matrix
4.3.2 Microstructure and bonding processes
4.3.3 Quantification of the pullout in bundled reinforcement
4.3.3.1 Sleeve and core layer modeling
4.3.3.2 Multilayer modeling
4.4 Bonding in a fabric
4.4.1 Modeling
4.4.1.1 Equivalent single-fiber modeling
4.4.1.2 Pullout mechanisms in fabric–cement systems
4.4.2 Mechanical anchoring induced by fabric geometry
4.4.3 Coupling of fabric structure and production process
4.5 Treatments to enhance bond
References
5 Mechanical performance under static conditions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Influence of the matrix on composite mechanical performance
5.2.1 Matrix compositions
5.2.2 Low-alkalinity cements
5.2.3 Admixtures
5.2.4 Short fibers
5.2.4.1 Short fiber incorporation in the matrix
5.2.4.2 Nonwoven fabrics with short fibers
5.3 Influence of TRC fiber material
5.3.1 Single fiber material
5.3.1.1 Synthetic fibers
5.3.1.2 Basalt fibers
5.3.2 Hybrid fiber materials
5.3.2.1 Introduction
5.3.2.2 Hybrid fabrics
5.4 Influences of fabric geometry and yarn direction on composite mechanical performance
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Fabric structure and yarn shape
5.4.2.1 General concept
5.4.2.2 Mesh openings
5.4.2.3 Density of the transverse yarns
5.4.2.4 Type of junction connection
5.4.2.5 Bundle diameter: number of filaments
5.4.2.6 Yarn shape
5.4.2.7 Fabric orientation
5.4.3 Three-dimensional (3D) fabrics
5.5 Influence of coating on composite mechanical performance
5.6 Influence of processing on composite mechanical performance
References
6 Mechanics of TRC composite
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental observations of mechanical response
6.2.1 Nonlinear stress–strain response
6.2.2 Effect of specimen thickness and fabric orientation
6.2.3 Distributed cracking and spacing evolution
6.3 Modeling of tension response using experimental crack spacing results
6.3.1 Model representation 271
6.3.2 Stresses and deformations in the distributed cracking zone
6.3.3 Comparison with experimental results
6.3.4 Distributed cracking and tension stiffening
References
7 Flexural modeling and design
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Quantification of flexural behavior
7.2.1 Derivation of moment–curvature relationship
7.2.2 Simplified procedure for generation of moment–curvature response
7.2.3 Algorithm to predict load–deflection response
7.2.4 Deflection computation using a bilinear moment–curvature assumption
7.2.5 Parametric studies of load–deflection response
7.2.6 Inverse analysis of the load–deflection response of TRC composites
7.2.6.1 AR glass TRC
7.2.6.2 PE ECC
7.3 Case studies
7.3.1 Prediction of load–deflection response
7.4 Flexural design
7.4.1 Design guidelines for 1D and 2D members
7.4.2 Capacity calculations based on section moment–curvature
7.4.3 Demand calculations using yield line analysis
7.4.3.1 Virtual work method (upper bound approach)
7.4.3.2 Equilibrium method (lower bound method)
7.4.4 Collapse mechanism in plastic analysis
7.4.5 Analysis of 2D panels
7.4.5.1 Case study 1: Square panel with free edges
7.4.5.2 Case study 2: Square panel with edges clamped
7.4.5.3 Case study 3: Rectangular slab with clamped edges
7.4.5.4 Case study 4: Circular slab with free edges
7.4.6 Design of TRC members supported on a substrate
7.4.7 Design of simply supported TRC beam under distributed load
References
8 High rate loading
8.1 Introduction
8.2 High-speed response and testing systems
8.2.1 Strain measurement techniques
8.2.2 Strain measurement using digital image correlation (DIC) method
8.2.3 Noncontact laser-based strain extensometer
8.3 Failure mechanisms
8.4 Formation and characterization of distributed cracking
8.5 Hybrid systems: short fibers with TRC
8.6 Modeling of behavior at high-speed using a tension-stiffening model
8.7 Flexural impact loading
8.7.1 Introduction
8.7.2 Impact test procedures
8.7.3 Impact response of TRC
8.7.4 Effect of textile orientation
References
9 Durability of TRC
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Durability of the composite material
9.2.1 Chemical durability of the reinforcing yarns
9.2.1.1 Durability of glass reinforcement
9.2.1.2 Durability of polymeric reinforcement
9.2.1.3 Microstructural changes and aging
9.2.2 Modifying microstructure to enhance durability performance
9.2.2.1 Fiber treatment
9.2.2.2 Matrix composition
9.3 Aging mechanisms
9.3.1 Chemical attack mechanism
9.3.2 Microstructural mechanisms
9.3.2.1 Internal bonding in the bundle and loss of its flexibility
9.3.2.2 Flaw enlargement and notching
9.3.2.3 Combined mechanisms
9.3.3 Effectiveness of various aging mechanisms in controlling long-term performance
9.4 Long-term performance of TRC components
9.4.1 Penetration of fluids
9.4.2 Penetration of chlorides
9.4.3 Crack healing
References
10 Repair and retrofit with TRC
10.1 Shear strengthening
10.2 Flexural strengthening
10.3 Compression strengthening in columns and column–beam joints
10.4 Bon
References
11 Innovative applications of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) for sustainability and efficiency
11.1 Potential for TRC integration in novel construction
11.2 Structural shapes using TRC materials
11.3 Modular and panelized cementitious construction systems
11.4 Cast-in-place modular homes
11.5 Sandwich composites with TRC skin-aerated fiber reinforced concrete (FRC)
11.6 Computational tools for design ofTRC components: Case study
11.7 Natural fiber systems
References
Index